Analyzing Lady Mary’s Turkish Embassy Letters Gender, Writing, and Identity - Literature Essay Samples

Identity is an idiosyncratic definition of a person that can be constructed through many variables: race, gender, class and culture, to name but a few. The Turkish Embassy Letters, comes with a pre-constructed, orientalist ideal of the East, where identity is constructed wholly on race and culture. Therefore, it is imperative that this account is from a female perspective. If seen through male eyes, the women that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu interacted with would have been seen as submissive and oppressed by their own culture, embodying the ‘damsel in distress’ trope. Instead, Lady Montagu is able to examine gender as a concept that not only influences identity, but is completely separate from it. It is from this female perspective that Lady Montagu is able to explore gendered oppression as a universal occurrence. An orientalist approach would view the West, and it’s people, as ‘free’, and the East as oppressed by their reserved culture and strict relig ion. Yet, the English protagonist is able to see that Turkish women may, in reality, be liberated through the anonymity of their veil. Therefore, Lady Montagu is able to re-define ‘liberty’ from this orientalist perspective, and to also liberate the Turks from this label of ‘other’. The identification of the Turk in Turkish Embassy Letters is constructed not through what the East was, but primarily through what the West was not. This ‘otherness’ is emphasised through a comparison to England and it’s ‘amiable connexions with men of letters and taste’. Identity, and subsequently one’s reputation in English society, is dependant upon education. The concept of ‘taste’ –extremely important within a judgemental eighteenth century society –is directly associated with ‘letters’, suggesting education and refinement are interdependent. It is evident that Montagu is unable to escape the indoctrinated class system of her home country. Her approval of ‘amiable’ social circles is subtle but important, whilst the use of ‘connexions’ suggests an inner society of the upper class, closed off to the lower hierarchies of the class spectrum. Even in this examination of identity, gender is inseparable. Lady Montagu specifies ‘men’ as those worthy of bearing both an education and good taste; even as a woman, there is a learned belief that men are privileged by nature. This praise of English customs is structurally placed directly after a graphic description of Turkish barbarism. Purposefully, a comparison of the two cultures is automatically prompted. Therefore, the individuals described in the two accounts become representative of each culture as a whole, especially poignant as it includes the actions of a Turkish prince. He attempts to quash an uprising ‘by ordering several persons to be strangled, who were the objects of his royal suspicion’. The lack of identity in ‘persons’ not only displays the lower classes as without this privileged voice, but it also suggests a disgustingly disposable element to human life. In contrast to the men of ‘letters and taste’, the violence of the ‘barbaric spectacle ’ disregards class; identity is lost as everyone is reduced to a corpse. Furthermore, this comparison induces immediate judgement, both from narrative and reader. Yet, there is a sense of inescapable irony. The English are judged by their manners, their ‘veins of wit’ and ‘elegant conversation’, and the Turks by their laws of punishment. Therefore, when examined, the identity of the Turks is constructed in a method that is both biased and unbalanced. They are considered the ‘other’ in comparison to the English society, who notoriously judge on superficiality. To fully understand the Turkish identity, they must be considered as a separate culture, and not as in association with another. It is only through the physical distance from English society that Lady Montagu can observe as an outsider, and not conform to this judgemental perspective, as if she is a part of neither culture. As a novel written from a female perspective, with access to exclusively female areas, it is undeniable that gender will be examined. This comparison between English and Turkish, that was previously seen as based upon sensibility, becomes how each culture defines freedom and oppression for women. Teresa Heffernan presents the eighteenth century view of the Turkish ‘veiled woman’ of whom ‘can only be â€Å"saved† from her culture or â€Å"submit† to it.’[1] Lady Montagu, instead, views the veil as a protection from patriarchy, rather than an alienation of an oppressive culture. The author is almost admirable to their ‘methods of evasion and disguise, that are very favourable to gallantry’. This sense of disguise is especially important in either Turkish or English society. To be a woman meant perpetual judgement upon her appearance, actions and morality. In a superficial society, this is inescapable. The veil allows Lady and handmai den alike to appear identical; not only flesh, but social class is ‘disguised’ through this ‘perpetual masquerade’ (Montagu, p.71). Thus, freedom is achieved through anonymity and an inability to judge, the very aspect that the Western male would assume is oppression. Lady Montagu then compares this existence to her experience as a woman in England. Similar to the Turk’s suspected oppression, the English women are ‘sold like slaves’ (Montagu, p.xi) through the traditions of marriage and dowries. Additionally, this idea of ‘gallantry’ can be linked in this comparison. Culture, and gender politics are defined ‘as different in different climates as morality and religion’. Yet, the struggle for a lack of oppression is unbiased of culture and race; gallantry within gender politics is universal to all cultures, especially poignant within the strictures of the eighteenth century. Within this examination of gender, ther e is also an aspect of class. The author is a Lady, yet appreciates the freedom that ‘even the bosom of servitude’ offers. Even with such a status, Lady Montagu is unbiased, and refuses to include class within her examinations of gender. Therefore, gender is examined here separately from the other identity markers. ‘Liberty’ as a female is defined differently according to culture, location and class. Yet, all of this is kept in separate consideration as Lady Montagu simply observes and celebrates the freedom of the Turks, rather than considering their actions as ‘other’ in comparison to England. Thus far, the identity of both Turkish individuals, and their culture as a whole, has been examined. Yet, these observations have been presented to the reader through the written word, and it is impact to consider how the physical act of writing and perspective is important. Lady Montagu’s perspective, and her letters as a point of information, becomes problematic. In the eighteenth century, travel writers made many claims upon their discoveries. Therefore, the genre can induce doubts as to whether the content is truth, or a falsification. Lady Montagu actively claims to a truth to her writing: ‘I [†¦] desire you will believe me’. There is this constant assertion of truth throughout her text, displaying a self-awareness that her letters may be used as educational. Perhaps Lady Montagu repeats herself so as this seemingly accurate representation of cultures needs to be taken seriously upon returning home, difficult in both the genre, and gender of the author. However the very assertion of truth produces doubts; once again perspective is problematic; the ‘truth’ according to Lady Montagu may not be the truth that others already believe. Despite this, Lady Montagu’s letters present an opposition to previous masculine narratives such as Joseph Spence, of whom claimed ‘Turkish ladies, you know are a sort of prisoner’. The phrase ‘you know’ suggest in itself a claim to authenticity simply due to his gender. Therefore, Lady Montagu’s claim to truth perhaps suggests that Turkish gender politics cannot be recorded by man, as their very gender alters the way they see a culture, and therefore how they construct it through writing. It is not only the content –including the female-only areas that Lady Montagu can frequent –but the author that is important. Truth, perhaps, is not a universal concept that can simply be seen, but one that must be perceived. The Turkish Embassy Letters can be understood as a record and construction of identity, primarily of the Turks, seen as the ‘other’. This account defines Lady Montagu as the ‘self’, one that represents the English consciousness. Yet, throughout her letters, the boundaries between the ‘self’ and ‘other’ are blurred. This occurs physically, as Lady Montague adorns herself with Turkish dress, aligning herself not only with their culture, but the politics associated with their choice of dress. Gender also refuses to separate each culture; Lady Montague identifies with the imposed oppression of the Turkish women, that English women experience also. Yet there still remain moments of alienation in language such as ‘phlegm’, as Lady Montagu can seemingly never be rid of the male, orientalist narrative. Therefore, an underlying tension exits within her letters. The narrative is a detachment and an embodiment of both English and Turkish customs; paradoxically, it allows Lady Montagu a position of indifference, with an analytical perspective of the both. Bibliography Heffernan, T., ‘Feminism Against the East/West Divide: Lady Mary’s Turkish Embassy Letters’, Eighteenth Century Studies, 33.2 (2000) 201-205 Montagu, Lady M. W., The Turkish Embassy Letters (St Ives: Virago Press, 1994) Scholz, S., ‘English Women in Oriental Dress: Playing the Turk in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s Turkish Embassy Letters and Daniel Defoe’s Roxana in Early Modern Encounters with the Islamic East Performing Cultures, ed. by Sabine Schulting et al (Surrey: Ashgate, 2012)

How Personal is Too Personal

The personal statement serves as a terrific opportunity to share with admissions committees an interesting and unique aspect of your life. How much should you tell, and how much is too much? When I applied to college, I wrote a personal statement describing some challenging family circumstances I’d had while growing up. I can still remember my best friend warning me that it was too risky, too intense. So I went back to the essay and asked myself: What did I learn from this experience? Does it speak to my strengths and individual qualities, or is it something meant for a therapist’s office or a private journal? I studied the essay carefully and made sure it gave the reader a good sense of who I really was, and that it wasn’t just about the people in my family. I was careful to focus on what I had learned from these challenges and how the experience had made me a more independent, compassionate person. I decided to send it in, and I was lucky to get great responses. (In fact, one admissions counselor even wrote me a personal note!) So, in that case, taking the leap was well worth it. But, in some cases, it is not. What are the adcoms looking for? All admissions committees want to accept a wide range of interesting, talented applicants. They want – as you would, if you were picking a team of any sort – a diverse group of smart, motivated, innovative, and unique individuals who can come together to create an interesting, richly layered community. They want people with integrity who will get along with others, and they want people who will add to their campus in an endless variety of ways. They also want applicants who are stable and confident, and who have already achieved important things in their lives. How do you choose a personal, but not too personal essay topic? Prepare for your personal statement by listing all of the meaningful events in your life. Which experiences really changed you, influenced you, and made you the person you are today? Good questions you may want to ask yourself include: Did you grow up overseas? Do you speak several languages? Are you from a cultural background that might make you stand out or may have enriched your life in a special way? Do you have a handicap that has in fact made you stronger? Do you love to cook Thai food, run marathons, play the piano? Do you have a passion or interest that might be unusual but gives meaning to your life? What have you had to work really hard at? Then, mark the ones that helped you learn what you want to do with your life, the ones that led you to clarify your values, even if they are very personal. Ask yourself: Do these experiences make me sound emotionally unstable, ambivalent, or insecure? If so, take them to a therapist, not the admissions committee! But, if your topic has helped you become stronger and wiser, then I’d consider it to be a viable option. Tips for sharing personal stories Here are a few tips to further help you determine if your personal statement is too personal or just right for displaying your inner truths and ambitions: Always be honest. Admissions committees can smell exaggeration from a mile away! Don’t give details about your current or past romantic relationships. This is an example of information you can share with your therapist or best friend, but not the adcom! Don’t focus your anecdotes on resentment, anger, or other feelings of ill-will – instead, focus on strength, recovery, and growth – in short, resilience. Emphasize what you learned. You should jump on all opportunities to discuss what you did or what you would like to do with that knowledge or experience, not just on what happened. If you pass the above criteria, then I’d say go for it. Be yourself. Make it interesting. And tell the truth. The expert advisors at Accepted can help you with your application essays, from choosing a topic (and making sure it’s an appropriate one!) to putting the final touches and making it ready to submit. Explore our Graduate Application Services and we’ll match you with a personal admissions coach who will help you GET ACCEPTED. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4751002f-5aa9-40d8-bb71-6d43a4318bd2', {}); For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Application Essays, a free guide †¢ Different Dimensions of Diversity, a podcast episode †¢ Proving Character Traits in Your Application Essays How Personal is Too Personal The personal statement serves as a terrific opportunity to share with admissions committees an interesting and unique aspect of your life. How much should you tell, and how much is too much? When I applied to college, I wrote a personal statement describing some challenging family circumstances I’d had while growing up. I can still remember my best friend warning me that it was too risky, too intense. So I went back to the essay and asked myself: What did I learn from this experience? Does it speak to my strengths and individual qualities, or is it something meant for a therapist’s office or a private journal? I studied the essay carefully and made sure it gave the reader a good sense of who I really was, and that it wasn’t just about the people in my family. I was careful to focus on what I had learned from these challenges and how the experience had made me a more independent, compassionate person. I decided to send it in, and I was lucky to get great responses. (In fact, one admissions counselor even wrote me a personal note!) So, in that case, taking the leap was well worth it. But, in some cases, it is not. What are the adcoms looking for? All admissions committees want to accept a wide range of interesting, talented applicants. They want – as you would, if you were picking a team of any sort – a diverse group of smart, motivated, innovative, and unique individuals who can come together to create an interesting, richly layered community. They want people with integrity who will get along with others, and they want people who will add to their campus in an endless variety of ways. They also want applicants who are stable and confident, and who have already achieved important things in their lives. How do you choose a personal, but not too personal essay topic? Prepare for your personal statement by listing all of the meaningful events in your life. Which experiences really changed you, influenced you, and made you the person you are today? Good questions you may want to ask yourself include: Did you grow up overseas? Do you speak several languages? Are you from a cultural background that might make you stand out or may have enriched your life in a special way? Do you have a handicap that has in fact made you stronger? Do you love to cook Thai food, run marathons, play the piano? Do you have a passion or interest that might be unusual but gives meaning to your life? What have you had to work really hard at? Then, mark the ones that helped you learn what you want to do with your life, the ones that led you to clarify your values, even if they are very personal. Ask yourself: Do these experiences make me sound emotionally unstable, ambivalent, or insecure? If so, take them to a therapist, not the admissions committee! But, if your topic has helped you become stronger and wiser, then I’d consider it to be a viable option. Tips for sharing personal stories Here are a few tips to further help you determine if your personal statement is too personal or just right for displaying your inner truths and ambitions: Always be honest. Admissions committees can smell exaggeration from a mile away! Don’t give details about your current or past romantic relationships. This is an example of information you can share with your therapist or best friend, but not the adcom! Don’t focus your anecdotes on resentment, anger, or other feelings of ill-will – instead, focus on strength, recovery, and growth – in short, resilience. Emphasize what you learned. You should jump on all opportunities to discuss what you did or what you would like to do with that knowledge or experience, not just on what happened. If you pass the above criteria, then I’d say go for it. Be yourself. Make it interesting. And tell the truth. The expert advisors at Accepted can help you with your application essays, from choosing a topic (and making sure it’s an appropriate one!) to putting the final touches and making it ready to submit. Explore our Graduate Application Services and we’ll match you with a personal admissions coach who will help you GET ACCEPTED. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4751002f-5aa9-40d8-bb71-6d43a4318bd2', {}); For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Application Essays, a free guide †¢ Different Dimensions of Diversity, a podcast episode †¢ Proving Character Traits in Your Application Essays How Personal is Too Personal The personal statement serves as a terrific opportunity to share with admissions committees an interesting and unique aspect of your life. How much should you tell, and how much is too much? When I applied to college, I wrote a personal statement describing some challenging family circumstances I’d had while growing up. I can still remember my best friend warning me that it was too risky, too intense. So I went back to the essay and asked myself: What did I learn from this experience? Does it speak to my strengths and individual qualities, or is it something meant for a therapist’s office or a private journal? I studied the essay carefully and made sure it gave the reader a good sense of who I really was, and that it wasn’t just about the people in my family. I was careful to focus on what I had learned from these challenges and how the experience had made me a more independent, compassionate person. I decided to send it in, and I was lucky to get great responses. (In fact, one admissions counselor even wrote me a personal note!) So, in that case, taking the leap was well worth it. But, in some cases, it is not. What are the adcoms looking for? All admissions committees want to accept a wide range of interesting, talented applicants. They want – as you would, if you were picking a team of any sort – a diverse group of smart, motivated, innovative, and unique individuals who can come together to create an interesting, richly layered community. They want people with integrity who will get along with others, and they want people who will add to their campus in an endless variety of ways. They also want applicants who are stable and confident, and who have already achieved important things in their lives. How do you choose a personal, but not too personal essay topic? Prepare for your personal statement by listing all of the meaningful events in your life. Which experiences really changed you, influenced you, and made you the person you are today? Good questions you may want to ask yourself include: Did you grow up overseas? Do you speak several languages? Are you from a cultural background that might make you stand out or may have enriched your life in a special way? Do you have a handicap that has in fact made you stronger? Do you love to cook Thai food, run marathons, play the piano? Do you have a passion or interest that might be unusual but gives meaning to your life? What have you had to work really hard at? Then, mark the ones that helped you learn what you want to do with your life, the ones that led you to clarify your values, even if they are very personal. Ask yourself: Do these experiences make me sound emotionally unstable, ambivalent, or insecure? If so, take them to a therapist, not the admissions committee! But, if your topic has helped you become stronger and wiser, then I’d consider it to be a viable option. Tips for sharing personal stories Here are a few tips to further help you determine if your personal statement is too personal or just right for displaying your inner truths and ambitions: Always be honest. Admissions committees can smell exaggeration from a mile away! Don’t give details about your current or past romantic relationships. This is an example of information you can share with your therapist or best friend, but not the adcom! Don’t focus your anecdotes on resentment, anger, or other feelings of ill-will – instead, focus on strength, recovery, and growth – in short, resilience. Emphasize what you learned. You should jump on all opportunities to discuss what you did or what you would like to do with that knowledge or experience, not just on what happened. If you pass the above criteria, then I’d say go for it. Be yourself. Make it interesting. And tell the truth. The expert advisors at Accepted can help you with your application essays, from choosing a topic (and making sure it’s an appropriate one!) to putting the final touches and making it ready to submit. Explore our Graduate Application Services and we’ll match you with a personal admissions coach who will help you GET ACCEPTED. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4751002f-5aa9-40d8-bb71-6d43a4318bd2', {}); For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Application Essays, a free guide †¢ Different Dimensions of Diversity, a podcast episode †¢ Proving Character Traits in Your Application Essays

Video Games Call Of Duty - 881 Words

One of the biggest controversial cases among parents and children is, whether to allow them to play violent video games. Many people often assume that these intense games have a direct correlation to becoming a violent person. While many people agree with this, the research is not 100% accurate. This makes it very hard to find proof that a violent video game is one of the leading causes of a violent person. We are often blaming these games for a more internal complex problem. One of the leading video games Call Of Duty focuses on killing people in order to win the game. This game has over 40 million users and is the most successful franchise in all of history. In my opinion what is the fun of theoretically killing virtual people? I do not think kids should be subjective to watching this violence at a young age. These games should be geared for adults more than children. When the child is held at the age of accountability they can then decide what games are good for them. When a shooting happens many people are looking for reasons as to why it happened, many times they automatically assumed that person played violent video games. Conservatives start to raise their opinion when things in American go awry. Republican Donald Trump tweeted on Twitter: â€Å"Video game violence glorification must be stopped-it’s creating monsters!† In hopes to end the video games that correlate to violence the government plans to take action. The state Rep. of Missouri, Diane Franklin, has broughtShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Impact Of The Violent Video Game Call Of Duty866 Words   |  4 PagesThe violent video game Call of Duty, has a negative impact on society because people become obsessed with playing it which increases a person’s aggression levels. Violent video games become a distraction and deprive people of living a normal life because they become consumed in the game. Teenagers are affected the most because as they grow up it produces an em otional desensitization to aggression and violence. Call of Duty along with many other games effect people and warp their version of realityRead MoreVideo Game : Video Games888 Words   |  4 Pagesowned any type of video game? Video games are very addictive, especially your favorite one. Call of Duty is a popular video game that is full of violence and shootings. The quality of this video game looks just like real humans, shootings, guns, cities, towns, roads, etc. Call of Duty started off as a simple video game and is now expanding into a whole series that people keep purchasing. Children of all ages are involved in playing this game, and most people are against it. Call of duty has many negativeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games1042 Words   |  5 PagesVideo games are very popular with this generation than traditional tabletop games. 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Unsurprisingly, the effect of video games on the human brain has been a controversy since video games were first released decades ago. Video games involve the use of body and mind, which causes the player to be inside of the game, and they can see the world through the eyes of the character of which they play. Some psychologists and other scientists suggest that violent video games can cause psychological disorders which can cause players to engage in violentRead MoreUnderstanding Addiction : How Addiction Develops The Brain Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesa shot of a heavy-duty amphetamine (38). The entertainment an individual finds in shooting another person on a TV screen is the same as one who watches a violent movie that interests them as well. As dopamine is released, the brain naturally wants more as it is very addictive by nature (â€Å"Understanding Addiction: How Addiction Hijacks the Brain†). Rosner for example, the man addicted to videogames, could sit down and be vegetative for 18 hours at a time playing his favorite game. The dopamine releasedRead MoreControversial Level in Call of Duty Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesAs an avid video game enthusiast it is always fascinating to witness the gaming world evolve as modern technology seems to continually outpace ex pectations of what can be reproduced in a virtual medium. Gone are the days when a fraction of the entertainment world included lazily playing pong or pac-man on a cumbersome arcade console. Today, with the technological boom, the video game industry has evolved to include a plethora of gaming genres, bent on maximizing entertainment and profit. However

Primitive Beginnings in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick

Primitive Beginnings in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick Among the numerous themes and ideas that author Herman Melville expresses in Moby Dick, one of the less examined is the superiority of the primitive man to the modern man. As an undertone running through the entire book, one can see in Moby Dick the same admiration of the noble savage that is so prevalent in Melvilles earlier tales of the simple and idyllic life of the cannibals, even though the focus has been shifted to the dangers of seeing things from only one point of view and to the struggle between good and evil. Before proceeding to a discussion of how Melville glorifies primitive man in Moby Dick, a working definition for the term must be agreed†¦show more content†¦what is called savagery. When a whaling ship leaves port, it leaves the civilized world and plunges into the world of the primitive, where the sea rolls as it rolled five thousand years ago and wild, furious nature, unmodulated by the influence of man, holds complete sway. (see Chapter 58: Brit) There, the ship shares many characteristics with a nomadic tribe, roving across the prairies in search of great beasts to hunt and kill. These ship-tribes are few and far between, and when they meet, it is an opportunity to tell stories and to exchange any useful knowledge they may have gathered. In addition, the whale hunt itself provides a metaphor for the hunt that took up most of the primitive mens time and provided them with their sustenance. When the harpooners all hurl their harpoons at a whale, the image of c avemen hurling spears at a mammoth is vividly conjured up. The virtues required of the prehistoric mammoth-hunters are also observed in the whalemen; both must have courage, perseverance, and solidarity. So, when Melville devotes several chapters to an exposition of the glories of whaling, attempting to endow the whaling industry with a mythology befitting a fundamental activity of manShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reading Moby-Dick as Ethnic Allegory2752 Words   |  12 PagesReading Moby-Dick as Ethnic Allegory At a time when images of the white settler conquering the savage frontier were prevalent in antebellum America, depictions of racial polarization and, alternately, co-existence among different ethnic groups had already begun to find expression in various artistic mediums, from painting to literature. Today more than ever, such works continue to elicit critical re-examinations where race relations, colonization, and literary representation are concernedRead MoreThemes in Green Grass Running Water817 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans eventually adopts a name from these White works. The four characters come from works by white writers for white audiences that feature Native American characters: Robinson Crusoe from the eponymous novel by Daniel Defoe, Ishmael from Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, Hawkeye from James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales, and The Lone Ranger, the titular hero of radio and television serials. King furthers this theme of cultural conflict by demonstrating the power that popular culture has in shapingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesbackground knowledge to disambiguate, then someone is going to have to instruct it to do all the information processing that is done unconsciously by us humans, who are naturally intelligent. In the 1950s, when the field of computer science was beginning, many computer designers and programmers made radically optimistic claims about how they were on the verge of automating language understanding and language translation. The U.S. government was convinced, and it invested a great amount of money

Sexual Curiosity Circle By Suzanne Bachner - 866 Words

Infidelity. Deceit. Sexual Curiosity. Circle, written by Suzanne Bachner is a thought-provoking play that interweaves the relationships of twelve different characters in various rendezvous spanning from New York City to Los Angeles, California. Based, very loosely, off of the Arthur Schnitzler’s Reigen, Bachner introduces 10 different sexual scenarios that are roughly seven to eight minutes in length and delve into the sexual encounter of two individuals. The identity of a character, especially in this particular play, is important to the plot because of the weight each character carries through their scenes. Because it is typically cast as four actors, the transition from scene to scene may be difficult to understand from the viewer’s perspective, due to the actor’s reoccurring presence in various characters. In addition to the overall arc of the play, there are the ideas of a circle, from which the play gets its name, that, by definition, is a closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from a point within it called the center†(Dicitonary.com). As described in the New York Times, the play is described as: â€Å"†¦ the 21st-century version of ‘Reigen,’ a series of 10 dialogues written by Arthur Schnitzler in 1900, reflecting with clinical precision on the sexual pathology of Vienna in its last imperial days. A ‘reigen’ was a popular German round dance, and in Schnitzler’s work 10 people get into bed, two at a time, until finally No. 10 ends up with No.1†

Historical Events That Took Place During The Classical Period

Troy O’Donnell Professor Roberts April 27, 2015 World Literature I Historically Significant Influences of Aristotle During the Classical Period, 500-232 BCE, Greece was at the peak of its political and cultural achievement. This was also a time of war, most noteworthy being the vast empire created by Alexander the Great. In a period containing such an immense amount of historical significance there is no doubting that it had influenced the people born. Notorious philosopher Aristotle is no exception, contributing a great deal to the fields of mathematics, biology and ethics. His book titled Nicomachean Ethics contains his views on the ethics of mankind and how they can be applied on a daily basis. This essay will look critically at how the historical events that took place during the Classical Period may have influenced Aristotle’s work. Aristotle was born in Stagira, located in northern Greece, in 384 BCE. He later moved to Athens in 367 BCE, which was widely recognized as both the intellectual and cultural center of ancient Greece. He exhau sted close to twenty years of his life at Plato’s Academy, first as a student and then later as a teacher. Although philosophy was a prominent study in ancient Greece it was still a relatively new idea, only beginning to flourish in the early sixth century BCE. It was essentially a byproduct created by inquisitive thinkers who were searching for rational methods for the mysteries of nature and mathematics. 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Company Law Business and Operational Activities

Question: Discuss about the case study Company Law for Business and Operational Activities. Answer: Introduction Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International that is also famous as Fairtrade is a global certified organization. Fairtrade was established in 1997 in order to protect better deals for the producers. Along with this, the standards of Fairtrade are planned to deal with poverty and also give power to producers within the poorest nations of the world. The standards of Fairtrade equally relate to both producers as well as traders (Fairtrade International. 2016). Moreover, Fairtrade plays a significant role in order to develop global Fairtrade standards and strategies in an appropriate way. Fairtrade endorses trade justice in order to give support to manufacturers all around the world. In addition to this, with the help of 3 marketing organizations, 3 producer networks, and 19 national labelling initiatives, Fairtrade sponsors and promotes the Fairtrade Certification Mark around the world. On the other hand, this research paper is helpful to depict the global Fairtrade phenomenon and g lobal ethics issues that Fairtrade wants to address in an effectual and a proper way (Fairtrade International. 2016). Moreover, the paper also reviews the criticisms that Fairtrade is facing into its broad ethical issues. The Global Fairtrade Phenomenon and the Global Ethics Issues Currently, Fairtrade is working as a licensing agency and also executing its own fair trade labelling scheme within the nations. Along with this, Fairtrade also become a major subject of controversy because of its enclosure of autonomous smallholders as well as estates for all crops. Fairtrade is also providing benefits to the farmers in the south region. In addition to this, it is a social movement and the major goal of Fairtrade is to provide help to the producers in order to accomplish better trading conditions and to endorse sustainability within the nations (Stefanska, Nestorowicz and Stefanska, 2015). Moreover, there are a lot of acknowledged Fairtrade certifiers together with IMO, Fairtrade International, and Eco-Social. Apart from this, the nature of FairTrade puts together it a global phenomenon, for that reason, there are different motives in order to comprehend group formation that are linked to FairTrade. For case, first of all, loads of farmers around the world are uncon scious about the FairTrade practices that they may carry out in order to make a higher wage (Fairtrade International. 2016). On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, in the last decade FairTrade has gotten substantial attention among the producers and consumers. For the reason, currently, FairTrade products are more visible and broadly available. In addition to this, the major motive that FairTrade wants to achieve is that international trade must be more perceptive to positive social values together with fair labor practices, non-exploitative production methods, fair product prices, and ecological sustainability (Moberg, 2010). Along with this, Fairtrade makes efforts to ensure more fair prices for certain products; as a result producers can acquire more through profits from trade and societies may improve production standards as well as living conditions in an effective and a significant manner. Moreover, in order to achieve public prominence, Fairtrade is mainly missing from theoretical deliberations in IPE (International Political Economy). This is also a global Fairtrade phenomenon. In addition to this, the other global phenomenon is that Fairtrade products generally consist of merchandise such as: coffee, cacao, flowers, bananas, tea, sugar, honey, and so forth. These agricultural products demonstrate a small proportion of entire global trade; and as a result, fair trade labelled products absorbs a small fraction of global agricultural markets. For that reason, volume of Fair trade causes inadequate or of no consequence impact on international trade relations (Davies, Doherty and Knox, 2010). On the other hand, another global phenomenon is that fair trade does not athletic into the conventional rational model in which most of modern IPE theory puts up. Along with this, the expansion of fair trade markets all around the world points toward that consumers are enthusiastic to pay out more money as well as resources to reassure that the products they use are eco- friendly and fair. As a consequence, the judgment of fairtrade runs opposite to conventional rationalis t frameworks in order to know human behavior as well as global economic interactions in an effectual and an appropriate manner (Reed, 2009). Apart from this, there are a lot of objects that Fairtrade is trying to accomplish. For case, Fairtrade pays a high price for the products because of it wants to provide more and more benefits to the producers. Moreover, with the help of this, Fairtrade offers profits to the producing communities in a direct way (Low and Davenport, 2005). Fairtrade also wants to offer distribution networks in industrialized countries. It is because of with the help of this Fairtrade provides support to local producer groups and also develops constant as well as secure trading relationships among the developed and underdeveloped globe. In addition to this, Fairtrade is also trying to provide education to the producers so they may understand the market demand structures, production standards, and consumer expectations in an appropriate manner. Moreover, Fairtrade is also trying to put a stop to the abuse of children with the help of its restrictive labour standards as well as sustainable production me thods (Varul, 2009). Along with this, Fairtrade also builds strong networks in order to monitor the entire production process to improve the production competence in an effective way. Moreover, Fairtrade is trying to make promises with the consumer that producers has followed strict production guidelines to produce products in an effectual and an appropriate manner. In addition to this, Fairtrades applied certification schemes as well as fair trade labels points toward the mutually agreed production and social goals of the organization (Granville and Dine, 2012). Moreover, Fairtrade is also trying to address major consistent issues to improve the productions efficiency in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. For example, the major issue that Fairtrade wants to address is related to the relationship between fair trade consumer and producer. By addressing this issue, Fairtrade wants to develop a market-based relationship between producer and fair trade consumers. The relationship would be benefici al to remove the government intervention or the consumers and for that reason they would be able to buy FTC products to fulfill their requirements in an appropriate way (Widdows, 2014). As a result, it is clear that, the motive of Fairtrade is to conquer the socioeconomic interruption of producers in an appropriate manner. In addition to this, Fairtrade also highlights the facts to understand the behaviour of peoples under the specific circumstances. For case, with the help of this, Fairtrade wants to know the facts that may create the situation of dissatisfaction among the customers. Fairtrade knows it very well that the social values as well as norms of the people inspire them to purchase high priced products. Moreover, these types of actions of Fairtrade play a significant role in order to develop win-win situations for producers and consumers (Arnould, Plastina and Ball, 2009). Along with this, Fairtrade is also trying to manage as well as conquer the de-connection and conflicts of producers and consumers. It is also making efforts to resemble local trade for the social and economic development of the nations. Apart from this, Fairtrade is trying to separate production and consumption in a drastic way. It uses time and space that are categorized by anonymity in order to detach production and consumption in an appropriate way. The main motive of Fairtrade behind it is to make unaware to the consumer about the origin and circumstances in which a product is produced by the producers. Fair trade is also making efforts to reconnect the local producers and consumers all the way through apparent global trading networks (Roach and Simpson, 2016). In this way, it can be said that, Fairtrade is trying to achieve the transparency between the relationship of producers and consumers. Fairtrade also wants to develop a strong relationship among producers, distributors, and consumers. Fairtrade wants to improve the productivity and profitability of producers and also wants to raise the standards of living of the consumers. Moreover, it should also be observed that, Fairtrade is also working for the econom ic developments of the nations. On the other hand, Fairtrade is also trying to address global ethics issues in an effectual and an appropriate manner. There are numerous ethical issues those are hazardous for nations, producers, and consumers. For case, inequality, human rights, poverty, child labour, workers' rights, and climate change are the major global ethics issues that Fairtrade is trying to address in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Fairtrade is trying to address the ethical issue related to the injustices or inequalities of conventional trade. The issue creates discrimination in opposition to the poorest as well as weakest producers (De Pelsmacker, Driesen and Rayp, 2005). Along with this, by addressing this issue, Fairtrade wants to facilitate the poorest and weakest producers; so they may improve their positions as well as standards of living in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition to this, Fairtrade re-establishes an equitable link between producer groups and consumers in order to reduce the percentage creamed off that are generated by third parties. Moreover, Fairtrade gives a better deal to producers in the developing world; so they may earn higher profits in an effective and an appropriate manner. Also, to reduce the inequalities, Fairtrade restores an equitable relationship among consumers, retailers and producers (Low and Davenport, 2005). In addition to this, Fairtrade is also trying to address the ethical issue that are related to the injustices of the prices of products. For case, to address this issue, it is establishing Fairtrade Mark that would be beneficial to address the unfairness of low prices and to ensure the producers that they will accept fair terms of trade as well as fair prices - no matter what the conventional market is. Along with this, Fairtrade is also trying to provide living wages to workers in order to address the issue that is related to workers' rights. A living wage will be beneficial for the workers in order to fulfil their basic needs and to offer some optional income to the workers. For case, it should be noted down that, the national minimum wages is insufficient in most of the countries. For that reason, workers are unable to provide a living standard to his/her family (Stefanska, Nestorowicz and Stefanska, 2015). In this situation, living wage would be beneficial to the workers in order to raise their living standards in an appropriate manner. Along with this, Fairtrade is also trying to address the issue that are related to womens rights, human rights and child labour. Moreover, to address these ethical issues, Fairtrade focuses on human rights due diligence. For case, the due diligence would be helpful in order to identify the actual and probable human rights risks for employees in the operations, the services, and supply chains of the business firms. In addition, Fairtrade is also empowering women workers and also providing them equal right as men workers. Fairtrade is also developing strict rules for the organizations so they would not be able use child labour for their profits (Webb, 2007). In this way, it can be said that, Fairtrade is trying to address the major global ethical issues in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The Criticisms of Fairtrade into Broad Ethical Issues Fairtrade also has become the subject of criticism in all over the word. The criticism of Fairtrade gives message to the people especially consumers and businesses that they should reject Fairtrade in order to socialize their economic decisions in an effective and a significant manner (Crane and Matten, 2007). For case, it should be noted down that, according to the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), most of the business organizations are implementing the rules as well as guidelines of Fairtrade in their product ranges and general operational practices. But, despite the fact, there is significant criticism of the states that are made by supporter of these socially as well as environmentally responsible goods. For example, the major criticism is that FairTrade has not worked as per its name that it has been promoted. Moreover, it only used ambiguous and inadequate evidences to promote itself in the world (Hodges, 2015). On the other hand, lots of critiques of FairTrade are always made due to the persistent issue related with the FairTrade. For example, these issues involve an inaccurate understanding of the governance of FLO, inappropriate evidences theories about the benefits of FairTrade, an improper comparison between the FairTrade and perfect market models, and the conflation of the core principles of FairTrade with other periphery issues (Clark and Ritson, 2013). Along with this, the rules of FairTrade make it a major subject of criticism. For case, the major concepts of FairTrade concentrate on the governance of the FLO that only focuses on the quality of businesses. It does not involve the employees and customers in its practices. Moreover, the other argument that is made with reference to Fairtrade standards is that it is supposed to facilitate only a few people at the expense of others people. For case, under the governance of FLO, small farmers are not capable to take hired labour for the ir seasonal tasks in order to meet varying demands in an effective and a proper manner (Anderson, 2015). In addition to this, the other thing that makes it the subject of the critic is the exclusionary nature of FLO Fairtrade. It is because of the certification of Fairtrade only concentrates on the comparatively developed countries in place of lower income countries. In other words, it also can be said that, it mainly focuses on rich countries such as: Maxico instead of poor countries Ethiopia. These types of inequality create major differences in the incomes of the nations. Apart from this, another criticism is that money that the consumers spend in goodwill is used by the FairTrade in the maintenance of the system (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). In other words, it also can be said that, a large amount of the profits of consumers that they earn by the Fairtrade prices is used by the co-operative bureaucracy for the development of the system. In this way, Fairtrade is becoming the subject of criticism on the regular basis. In the same way, the criticisms of Fairtrade are also related to the global ethical issues. In one side, it is stated that, Fairtrade is trying to address major global ethics issues such as: inequality, poverty, human rights, child labour, workers' rights, climate change etc. for the welfare of producers, employees and customers. But, another side the criticisms of Fairtrade are linked to these ethical issues. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that Fairtrade itself is responsible to create inequalities among nations. It only provides support to nations those are well developed and prosperous (Herrnstein and Murray, 2010). Fairtrade does not focus on the poorer countries and also incompetent to provide money as well as other support to the poor countries that they need for the development. For that reason, it can be said that, fair-trade is providing support to the global ethical issues those are related to trade. At the same time, Fairtrade also provide support to the slavery that have a negative impact on the human rights and also support to child labor. For case, in the annual reports of Fairtrade, it is mentioned that, just about twenty one million people (men, women and children) are still in some form of slavery (Hassoun, 2012). Apart from this, the nature of global supply chains is also becoming multifaceted and slavery can be discovered in any element of the supply chain of any country. Accordingly, it is assumed that, this also creates ethical issue and Fairtrade is not to address and condense this ethical issue in an effective and an appropriate manner. In this way, it can be said that, there are numerous criticism that are related to the Fairtrade. These criticisms create numerous issues in front of Fairtrade. The criticisms of Fairtrade are influencing the operations and practices in a negative way. These criticisms are also hazardous for the reputations and progress of Fairtrade ( Hale and Held, 2011). On the other hand, the criticisms that are related to Fairtrade are not valid. Most of the criticisms linked to the Fairtrade are inaccurate. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that the major objective of Fairtrade is to provide protection to producers, workers, and customers. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, Fairtrade is a social movement that is established to provide help to producers in developing countries; so they may get superior trading conditions and also may promote sustainability at the global level (Cook and Ryan, 2015). Fairtrade also develops superior social as well as environmental standards for the welfare of the nations. Moreover, Fairtrade is obliged to present the prevalent and most recognized fair trade system of the world. Hence, Fairtrade is fair in real and the criticisms related to the system are invalid or counterfeit. In addition to this, some critics also say that Fairtrade do not have quality controls the also reflect the practices of Fairtrade. The critic that is related to the quality control is also invalid. There are numerous reasons behind this (Patrick and Ralph, 2009). First of all, under the Fairtrade system, all the producers are obliged to trade the best quality products in the marketplaces. Moreover, Fairtrade emphasizes on the standards that improve the quality of products to fulfill the need of customers in an appropriate and a proper manner. Fairtrade clearly stated that producers need to create and maintain good quality products only. In addition, it should also be noted down that, Fairtrade offers incentives to farmers and producers only to increase the standards and quality of the products that they are offering to the customers. In this way, it can be assumed that, the criticism related to Fairtrade in invalid (Valiente-Riedl, 2012). Fairtrade is doing best to improve the quali ty of products. Fairtrade is also spending increased income as well as social premiums only to quality control of the products. At the same time, the criticism of Fairtrade that is related to inequality is also illogical. It is because of Fairtrade only works to endorse greater equity in global trading partnerships all the way through discussion, transparency, and respect. Moreover, it should also be noted down that, Fairtrade offers better trading conditions to promote sustainable development and to protect the rights of producers as well as workers in developing countries (Anderson, 2014). In addition to this, it is also observed that, FairTrade is situated on their core beliefs or principles. For instance, the first belief is that producers are obliged in order to express their harmony with consumers. The first belief is that, the world trade practices will promote the balanced distribution of possessions among nations. The third and last is that FairTrade believes that to buy a product from producer at a fair price is an effective way to promote sustainable development in developing countries (Forss and M arra, 2014). In this way, it can be assumed that, FairTrade works at the principle of equality and fairness in order to remove partialities or inequalities in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In the same way, the criticism that expresses that FairTrade does not work to protect the human rights is also forged. The main reason behind it is that, Fairtrade develops a variety of programs only to provide support and protection to farmers and workers. It is true that Fairtrade is in the favor of slavery. But, it provides support to modern slavery. Modern slavery works in the favor of workers. It is because of modern slavery is a social action that plays a significant role to recognize the rights of workers in an effective way (Roach and Simpson, 2016). Moreover, it also maximizes the transparency of supply chains in order to reduce hazards of slavery in the supply chains. Along with this, Modern slavery establishes improved enforcements as well as regulations to protect the rights of works in a proper way. On the other hand, Fairtrade International developed a robust system to monitor all the aspects to ensure continuous improvement and to develop sustainability within nations. It also provides greater empowerment to farmers, producers and workers. In this way, it is clear that, the Fairtrade standards are planned to protect human rights, to tackle poverty, and to empower producers in the poorest countries. For that reason, the criticism that states that FairTrade only provide support to the richest countries does not make any sense. As a result, it can be said that, the criticisms of Fairtrade are not true and only influencing the processes and practices of Fairtrade in a negative way. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that, Fairtrade is a fair organization that is obliged to improve fair trade practices within nations. Along with this, it is also observed that, Fairtrade is developing a lot of practise to reduce inequalities and to provide support to the producers. Moreover, Fairtrade is also making efforts to address the global ethical issues in effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition, it is also concluded that, the criticisms that are related to Fairtrade are invalid and inappropriate. Finally, the major object of Fairtrade is to improve transparency, develop sustainability, and also protect human rights in an effective and an appropriate manner. References Anderson, A. (2015). A History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain: From Civil Society Campaigns to Corporate Compliance. USA: Springer. Anderson, S.G. (2014). New Strategies for Social Innovation: Market-Based Approaches for Assisting the Poor. Australia: Columbia University Press. Arnould, E.J., Plastina, A. and Ball, D., (2009). Does fair trade deliver on its core value proposition? Effects on income, educational attainment, and health in three countries. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 28(2), pp.186-201. Blowfield, M. and Murray, A. (2011). Corporate Responsibility. UK: OUP Oxford. Clark, J.P. and Ritson, C. (2013). 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Low, W. and Davenport, E., (2005). Has the medium (roast) become the message? The ethics of marketing fair trade in the mainstream. International Marketing Review, 22(5), pp.494-511. Moberg, M. (2010). Fair Trade and Social Justice: Global Ethnographies. UK: NYU Press. Patrick, L. and Ralph, L. (2009). OECD Insights International Trade Free, Fair and Open?: Free, Fair and Open? USA: OECD Publishing. Reed, D. (2009). What do corporations have to do with fair trade? Positive and normative analysis from a value chain perspective. Journal of business ethics, 86(1), pp.3-26. Roach, A.P. and Simpson, J. R. (2016). Heresy and the Making of European Culture: Medieval and Modern Perspectives. NY: Routledge. Stefanska, M., Nestorowicz, R. and Stefanska, M. (2015). Fair Trade In CSR Strategy of Global Retailers. USA: Springer. Valiente-Riedl, E. (2012). Is Fairtrade Fair? Australia: Palgrave Macmillan. Varul, M.Z. (2009). 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